![]() He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by a merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Liberty"). See also: Vatan ve Hürriyet, Committee of Union and Progress, and Young Turk Revolutionįollowing graduation, Mustafa Kemal was assigned to the Fifth Army based in Damascus as a Staff Captain in the company of Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) and Lütfi Müfit (Özdeş). He later graduated from the Ottoman Military College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905. He enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı within the Şişli district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople (modern Istanbul in Turkey) and graduated in 1902. ![]() In 1896, he enrolled into the Monastir Military High School. His parents wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Mustafa Kemal took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School ( Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi ) in 1893. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. In his early years, his mother encouraged Mustafa Kemal to attend a religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. He was born Mustafa, and his second name Kemal (meaning Perfection or Maturity) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi, according to Afet Inan in admiration of his capability and maturity, and according to Ali Fuat Cebesoy, because his teacher Mustafa Efendi wanted to distinguish his student who had the same name as him, although his biographer Andrew Mango suggests that he may have chosen the name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal. There are also some suggestions about his partial Slavic origin. His mother Zübeyde is thought to be of Turkish origin and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, she was of Yörük ancestry. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz, Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending from Söke in the Aydın Province of Anatolia. His father Ali Rıza is thought to be of Albanian origin by some however, according to Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamik D. Many of Atatürk’s religious opponents eagerly embraced this view. According to Encyclopaedia Judaica, one assertion that was commonly made by many Jews of Salonika was that Atatürk was of Doenmeh (crypto-Jewish) origin. According to Andrew Mango, he was born into a family which was Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class. Only one of Mustafa's siblings, a sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood she died in 1956. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the early months of 1881, either in the Ahmed Subaşı neighbourhood or in Islahhane Street (present-day Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood (this house is preserved as a museum) in Salonica (present-day Thessaloniki), Ottoman Empire, to his mother Zübeyde Hanım (a housewife) and father Ali Rıza Efendi (a militia officer, title-deed clerk and lumber trader). 8.1 Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkeyįurther information: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life.4.3.3 Liberalization and planned growth, 1931–1939.4.2.2 Relations with the RSFSR/Soviet Union.4.1.5 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 1930–1931.4.1.3 Opposition to Mustafa Kemal in 1924–1927.4.1.2 Civic independence and the Caliphate, 1924–1925.3 Establishment of the Republic of Turkey.The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism. Under his leadership, thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation-state. His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. Ītatürk was a military officer during World War I. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. ![]() Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( pronounced ( conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer in the Ottoman military, revolutionary statesman, and the first President of Turkey. ( )( This date was adopted by Atatürk officially in the absence of a precise date.) Mustafa Kemal Atatürkġst Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ![]() For other uses, see Atatürk (disambiguation). ![]()
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